GLONASS
Developed by the U.S.S.R in response to the GPS of the U.S. during the Cold War but was neglected due to financial difficulties and was only recently resumed (25 satellites)
Orbit
Medium Earth orbit (MEO): 19,100km (altitude), 64.8 °(incline)
Cycle
11 hr 15 min
Coverage
Global
Initial operational capability (IOC)
Sept. 24, 1993
Modernization of GLONASS
Improvement of GLONASS performance
- Modernization of satellites
- Expansion and modernization of ground segment
- Modernization of masters and built-in clocks
- Improvement of the geodetic system
- Software upgrade in the ground and satellite segments
A new CDMA signal in the L3, L1 and L2 frequency bands from GLONASS-K and GLONSS-KM in the future (launch of first GLONASS-K satellite on Feb. 25, 2011)
New CDMA signal and FDMA signal to be provided by 2020
GLONASS satellite arrangements
Modernization plan
- GLONASS-M : L2с, 2003~2015
- GLONASS-K : L3с, 2008~2025
- GLONASS-KM : 2015~
25 Satellites on orbit
- 25 'GLONASS-M' SATELLITES
- 22 operational
- 3 spares
New GLONASS Blocks
GLONASS-M (comparison with GLONASS)
- New signal for civilians in the L2 band
- Increased satellite lifetime (7 years)
- Wireless linking of satellites for integrity control and improvement of operation time
- Improved stability of the built-in clocks (1×10-13)
- Improved pointing of the solar panels
GLONASS-K
- New CDMA signals in the L3 band
- Search and rescue service
- Increased satellite lifetime (10 to 12 years)
- Improved stability of the built-in clocks (1×10-14)
GLONASS-KM
- Requirements definition phase
- Additional new CDMA signal for civilians in the L1 and L2 bands
GLONASS arrangement management plan
